General Surgery

General surgery is a surgical speciality focusing on the comprehensive management of diseases and conditions requiring operative intervention. It encompasses many procedures primarily involving the abdominal organs, including the oesophagus, stomach, small bowel, colon, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and bile ducts. General surgery also covers diseases involving the skin, breast, soft tissue, trauma, peripheral vascular surgery, and hernias.

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Procedures

1. Laparoscopic hernia repair:
A hernia usually happens in your abdomen or groin when one of your organs pushes through the muscle or tissue that contains it. It may look like an odd bulge that comes and goes during different activities or in different positions., It may or may not cause symptoms such as discomfort or pain. Most hernias eventually will need surgical repair. Hernia repair can be done by open or laparoscopic procedures. Laparoscopy enables early recovery, less hospital stay, minimal bleeding and infections, short duration of surgery and early return to home., The hernias that can be repaired laparoscopically are femoral, umbilical, inguinal, incisional, diaphragmatic and hiatal hernia. After a thorough evaluation of blood and cardiac status, pre-anaesthetic checkup, and informed written consent, surgery is to be planned., Postoperative care includes avoiding strain on the abdominal muscles by avoiding constipation and chronic cough and taking minor precautions like avoiding lifting heavy weights, climbing multiple stairs, etc.
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2. Circumcision
Circumcision is a procedure that removes the foreskin from the human penis., Circumcision is generally electively performed, most commonly done as a form of preventive healthcare, as a religious practice, or as a cultural practice. It is also done for cases of phimosis, other pathologies that do not resolve with various treatments, and chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs), penile cancer involving the glans, refractory balanoposthitis., Neonatal circumcision decreases the risk of penile cancer., Complications include bleeding, infection, meatal stenosis, etc., Contraindications include structure abnormalities, such as a misplaced urethral opening (as in hypospadias and epispadias), curvature of the head of the penis (chordee), or ambiguous genitalia because the foreskin may be needed for reconstructive surgery, premature infants, bleeding disorders.
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3. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy:
A cholecystectomy is a surgery to remove the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ that sits just below the liver on the upper right side of the abdomen. The gallbladder collects and stores a digestive fluid made in the liver called bile., Surgery is often done when painful and uncomfortable gallstones are hard pigments that develop in the gallbladder. , Symptoms of gall bladder stones include pain in the upper right side of the abdomen, associated with nausea and vomiting, jaundice, and fever.
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4. Laparoscopic Appendectomy:
Appendicitis is a surgical emergency associated with pain in the right lower abdomen with vomiting, fever, tenderness in the abdomen and, increased pulse rate, loss of appetite. When presented with the above symptoms, surgery should be planned., Appendectomy involves removal of the appendix, either by laparoscopic or open procedure. Preoperative evaluation includes a USG abdomen or a CT scan, thorough blood and cardiac evaluation and an anaesthetic evaluation., Laparoscopic Appendectomy is a common practice now that is a minimally invasive procedure, where ports are placed on the abdomen, that introduces a camera into the abdomen, and removal of the infected appendix., Complications include bleeding, infection, hernia etc.
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5. Laser piles / haemorrhoidectomy :
Laser proctology (laser piles) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure performed to treat haemorrhoids and is considered an advanced treatment option for treating haemorrhoids. Laser PILES surgery is a procedure that is both safe and effective and has many advantages over traditional surgical methods., The procedure involves using a laser to cut and remove the haemorrhoids from the body. This is considered a safe option for large and prolapsed haemorrhoids.
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6. Fistula in ano:
Fistula in ano is a medical condition that involves the formation of the tract from the anus to the skin; this can be because of infection and results in the formation of an abscess. The treatment includes a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the tract. Surgical procedures include:
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7. Pilonidal sinus (PNS):
The pilonidal sinus (PNS) is a sinus tract or tiny channel that may open to the skin's surface and come from the site of the infection. This is a common condition in young age and adolescents and in people who spend a lot of time sitting and working, like drivers., Symptoms include Pain in standing and sitting positions, swelling, pus or bloody discharge, red swollen skin, and hair protruding from the infected area., Diagnosis is by digital examination and visual inspection.
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8. Rectal prolapse
It is a medical condition that is most common in females, where the end part of the large intestine is pushed out of the anus due to the weakening of the perineal muscles. Most common in women with multiple childbirths, old age, cystic fibrosis, pelvic injury, chronic constipation, spinal cord injury, and persistent cough., Symptoms include having a feeling of tissue bulging out through the anus. The most common way patients complain is as “something dropping out” while passing stools, which can be pushed back., Diagnosis is done by Anal Electromyography (EMG), Colonoscopy, Lower GI Series (Barium enema), Defecography, Anorectal Manometry.
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9. Hydrocele
It is a condition where the scrotum is swollen due to fluid accumulation in the sheath that surrounds a testicle., The symptoms include swollen but painless testicles and discomfort due to the heaviness of the scrotum.
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10. Varicose veins
It is a medical problem in which the veins enlarge due to malfunction of their valves, causing improper blood flow and pooling of blood. The primary reason for increased pressure in the veins of the lower limbs is due to prolonged periods of standing and walking., Treatment can be conservative in early-diagnosed patients and patients not fit for surgery by using elastic stockings and avoiding long-standing.
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11. Amputation
Amputation is the surgical removal of the entire limb or a portion of the limb due to trauma, medical illness or cancer.
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12. Swellings / Lumps / Incision and drainage :
Swellings like lipomas, sebaceous cysts, and ganglions are excised under local anaesthesia. Abscess in the body requires incision and drainage of the pus.
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